Re-Evaluating Gandhi

CONTENTS PART I Pre-East India Company India Plunder and Destruction of India by Britain 1857 First War of Independence Foundation of Indian National Congress in 1885 The 1907 Division of Congress into Extremists and Moderates Part II The South African Gandhi - Stretcher-Bearer of Empire Gandhi's Hind Swaraj - A Throwback to Medieval System 1916-18 Home Rule League Movements and World War I Gandhi-Considered as a Saint by Masses to Lead Them to Freedom 1919 Gandhi's Hartal, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and His Reaction Part III All Top Congress Leaders Including Jinnah Against Khilafat and Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement Gandhi "Used" the Khilafat Movement (Radical Muslims) to Capture Congress Party and Became Its Dictator by Changing Its Constitution The 1920 Non-Cooperation Movement and Swaraj in One Year-A Failure Gandhi Collected Crores of Rupees by Claiming He Would Get Swaraj in One Year in 1921 Gandhi, Khilafat Movement and 1921 Malabar Riots Part IV Revolt by Senior Congress Leaders and Foundation of Swaraj Party in 1923 Sanyas From Politics After Non-Cooperation Movement Failure - But Still Congress Party Dictator No Clear Idea How to Achieve Ultimate Goal, i.e. Independence Gandhi Adoption of Khilafat Movement and Exponential Rise in Communal Riots Returning to Active Politics in the Late 1920s In 1929 Gandhi "Adopted" Jawaharlal Nehru to Stop Himself Being Sidelined In Congress by Left-Wingers 1930 Civil Dis-obedience Movement and Round Table Conferences Khilafat Movement Led to Militant Islam and Finally to the Partition of India Again Out of Active Politics During Mid-1930s, but Still Congress' Dictator Part V 1938-39 Bose Congress Presidency Reasons for the World War II At the Onset of 1939 Start of WWII - Gandhi Decided Against Any Movement Gandhi's Congress-Led Sham Individual Satyagraha in 1940 The Reason Behind the 1942 Quit India Movement - Only When INA & Japan Started to Knock at the Door of India 1942 Quit India Movement-Suppressed within Few Months Jayaprakash Narayan's Thoughts on Gandhi and the 1942 Quit India Movement Subhas Chandra Bose, Azad Hind Government and Indian National Army (INA) INA Trial at Red Fort in Delhi and Ensuing Violent Protest in Country October 9, 1945 Viceroy Wavell Letter to Secretary of State for India Lord Pethick-Lawrence October 25, 1945 Central Provinces and Berar Governor Sir H Twynam Letter to Viceroy Wavell Threat of Large-Scale Violence, Using INA, by Nehru and Patel Against Gandhi Wishes November 6, 1945 Viceroy Wavell Letter to Secretary of State for India Lord Pethick- Lawrence Document presented to the British Cabinet on December 1, 1945 by the Commander-in-Chief on the Situation of India Part VI INA, Threat of Indian Army Mutiny and Large-Scale Violent Uprising General Auchinleck's 12 February 1946 Letter to Indian Army Commanders After the Red Fort INA Trial Verdict 1946 Naval Mutiny Part of Nehru's Speech March 2, 1946 at Jhansi Published in The Statesman, New Delhi Indianization of ICS, Financial Factor, US Pressure and Labor Party Victory in 1945 British Election 1949 Public Image of Subhas Chandra Bose in India, Seen by An US Visitor, Future US Senator Gandhi's Un-Democratic Acts and Their Consequences Without Subhas Chandra Bose, India Would Not Have Had Independence till Gandhi Would Have Been Alive With Gandhi Sidelined, India Might Have Had Independence in 1930s Public Image of the Indian National Army in the Immediate Aftermath of World PREFACE hile doing the research work on internet for my 2016 book Ananda Marga Victim of Communist Conspiracy during 1969-77 , I came across two declassified papers at British National Archive website which discussed the reason behind Mahatma Gandhi launching of the 1942 Quit India Movement. He launched it only because he was afraid that the Indian National Army (INA), created and supported by the Japanese army (which had already won Burma at that time), would liberate India from British rule. As per British intelligence report Gandhi's feeling during mid-1942 was that Germany and Japan would win World War II, which would have made his name a footnote in India's history as till then he had always hushed down any talk of independence within his Congress party. In fact, his draft of the 1942 Quit India Movement favored Japan. Prior to this movement, he had launched two movements and they were not for independence from Britain. One of these two declassified papers also talked about - "... there are increasing indications that Gandhi is abandoning his previously declared policy of refraining from embarrassing Government and is planning to lead Congress into some widespread movement with the aim of compelling the British to withdraw from India." In my 2008 book The Modernization of Islam and the Creation of a Multipolar World Order , I had written that it was actually the World War II which caused the colonial powers to leave their colonies because after the war, they left not only India but nearly all their colonies within a decade or so. After WWII, Britain left not only India but nearly all its other holdings, including Jordan in 1946, Palestine in 1947, Sri Lanka in 1948, Myanmar in 1948, Egypt in 1952 and Malaysia in 1957. For the same reason, France also had to grant independence to Laos in 1949 and Cambodia in 1953, and had to leave Vietnam in 1954; Netherlands also left most of its colonies called Dutch East Indies, mainly Indonesia in 1949. Mid-last year I thought about writing something on Gandhi and Indian independence to extend my these works and this book is the outcome. I take pleasure in acknowledging the generous help of Trond Overland in editing this book and Professor Raj N. Singh of Oklahoma State University for his helpful discussions in writing it. I am always thankful to my PhD advisor, late Professor Stewart K. Kurtz of Pennsylvania State University, who taught me how to do research and also how to write a research paper/article. I am grateful to my mother, who inspired and guided me in more ways than I can ever say.